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Click HERE to read a review our review of the book on the TLN Blog.
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Synopsis: The article examines why teenagers are not considered when outdoor public places are being designed, and what the benefits could be of including them into this process.
http://archives.asla.org/lamag/lam09/january/research.html
Keywords: Teenagers, Outdoor Public Spaces, Design Features.
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Synopsis: Obstacles on a playground stimulate activity in young children, ages 3-5.
http://archives.asla.org/lamag/lam09/january/research.html
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Synopsis: Wander gardens stimulate the sense and enhance the well-being of dementia patients.
http://archives.asla.org/lamag/lam09/january/research.html
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Click HERE to view a PDF of the thesis.
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Order or download a copy of the book from the USDA Forest Service website.
Visit the Restorative Commons website.
Read our review of the book on the TLN Blog.
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Synopsis: A horticultural therapist examines the likeliness of hospital patients contracting a disease from nature (eg: Plants, soil, and examines whether or not that probability outweighs the positive healing effects that a little exposure to nature can do for a patient.)
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Cooper Marcus, Clare, and Naomi A. Sachs. (2014). Therapeutic Landscapes: An Evidence-Based Approach to Designing Healing Gardens and Restorative Outdoor Spaces. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley.
Cooper Marcus, Clare (2008). “Why Don’t Landscape Architects Perform More POEs?” Landscape Architecture, Letter to the Editor, Vol. 98, No. 3, March, p. 16-18.
Cooper Marcus, Clare (2008). “For Burn Patients, a Place to Heal.” Landscape Architecture, Vol. 98, No. 4, March, p. 78-89.
Article about the Oregon Burn Center Garden at Legacy Emanuel Hospital in Portland, OR
Read a portion of the article online in the LAM Archives.
Cooper Marcus, Clare and Terry Hartig (2006). “Healing Gardens — Places for Nature in Health Care.” The Lancet, special issue on Medicine and Creativity, Vol. 368, December.
Cooper Marcus, Clare (2006). “Life Support: Creating a Prison Hospice Garden.” Frameworks (Alumni Magazine of College of Environmental Design, University of California, Berkeley), October.
Cooper Marcus, Clare (2006). Habitat et Nature: Du pragmatique au spirituel (papers published 1970–2000, translated into French by Irène de Charrière), Gollion, Switzerland: Infolio.
Cooper Marcus, Clare (2006). “Post Occupancy Evaluation” in Landscape Architectural Graphic Standards, (Ed.) Len Hopper, New York: John Wiley & Sons.
Cooper Marcus, Clare (2006). Forward to Susan Rodiek and Benyamin Schwarz (Eds.), The Role of the Outdoors in Residential Environments for Aging, New York: The Haworth Press, Inc.
Cooper Marcus, Clare (2006). “Healing Gardens in Hospitals” in The Architecture of Hospitals, (Ed.) Cor Wagenaar, Rotterdam, The Netherlands: NAi Publishers.
Cooper Marcus, Clare (2006). “Gardens as Treatment Milieu: Two Swedish Gardens Counteract the Effects of Stress.” Landscape Architecture, Vol. 96, No. 5, May.
Cooper Marcus, Clare (2005). “Help with Healing.” Green Places (inc. Landscape Design, UK), Issue 20, November.
Cooper Marcus, Clare (2005). “Good (Not So Clean) Fun.” Landscape Architecture, Vol. 95, no. 12, December (“Hamill Family Play Zoo encourages children to use their imaginations in adventure play”).
Cooper Marcus, Clare (2005). “No Ordinary Garden.” Landscape Architecture, Vol. 95, No. 3, March, pp. 26-39 (“Alzheimer’s and other patients find refuge in a Michigan dementia-care facility”).
Cooper Marcus, Clare (2004). “Critical Opinion: The Royal Alexandra Children’s Hospital,” Landscape Australia, February.
Cooper Marcus, Clare (2004). “The use and design of hospital courtyards.” HD: The Journal for Healthcare Design and Development. (UK), February.
Cooper Marcus, Clare (2003). “Shared Outdoor Spaces and Community Life.” Places: A Quarterly Journal of Environmental Design, Vol. 15, No. 2.
Cooper Marcus, Clare (2003). “Unexpected Company.” Landscape Architecture, June (“A redesigned urban square attempts to serve the needs of Oakland’s homeless community and downtown office workers”).
Cooper Marcus, Clare (2003). “Healing Havens.” Landscape Architecture, Vol. 93, No. 8, August, pp. 85-91 & 107-109 (“Two hospital gardens in Portland, Oregon win awards for therapeutic values”).
Cooper Marcus, Clare (2003). “A Still Imperfect Union: Appraising the Redesign of San Francisco’s famous square,” Landscape Architecture, December.
Cooper Marcus, Clare (2002). “Healing Gardens: What they are and how to create them.” Health Facilities Management magazine, May.
Cooper Marcus, Clare (2001). “Hospital Oasis.” Landscape Architecture, Vol. 91, No. 10, pp. 36-99 (“Through a participatory design process, a failed Tommy Church garden in San Francisco is reconfigured as an exemplary therapeutic landscape”).
Cooper Marcus, Clare (2001). “For Children Only.” Landscape Architecture, December (“A London playground challenges preconceptions on which most American playgrounds are designed)”.
Cooper Marcus, Clare (2000). “Act of Healing.” Landscape Architecture, November (“At the National AIDS Memorial Grove, restoring a landscape has helped comfort and restore those touched by AIDS)”.
Cooper Marcus, Clare and Marni Barnes, Eds. (1999). Healing Gardens: Therapeutic Benefits and Design Recommendations. New York: John Wiley & Sons, 1999. Received the 2000 EDRA/Places “Place Research” Award; see Bressi, Todd.
Cooper Marcus, Clare and Carolyn Francis, Eds. (1999). People Places: Design Guidelines for Urban Open Space. New York: John Wiley & Sons, Revised 2nd Edition.
Cooper Marcus, Clare (1998). “Healing Gardens: The restorative potential of outdoor space in healthcare settings.” Interior Expressions, November.
Cooper Marcus, Clare and Carolyn Francis (1998). “Post-Occupancy Evaluation.” Chapter 8 in People Places: Design Guidelines for Urban Open Space. 2nd ed., New York: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Cooper Marcus, Clare (1997). “Nature As Healer,” Nordic Journal of Architectural Research.
Cooper Marcus, Clare and Marni Barnes (1996). “Understanding and Applying the Therapeutic Benefits of Gardens.” Journal of Healthcare Design VIII.
Cooper Marcus, Clare and Marni Barnes (1995). Gardens in Healthcare Facilities: Uses, Therapeutic Benefits, and Design Recommendations. Martinez, CA: The Center for Health Design.
Cooper Marcus, Clare (1995). House As A Mirror of Self: Exploring the Deeper Meaning of Home. Berkeley, CA: Conari Press.
Cooper Marcus, Clare and Wendy Sarkissian (1986). Housing As If People Mattered: Site Design Guidelines for Medium-Density Family Housing. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.
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See especially pp. 61-63. Click here to read a review of the book on the TLN Blog.
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See also the synopsis of this article by Research Design Connection’s Sally Augustin and Jean Marie Cackowski-Campbell:
Augustin, Sally and Jean Marie Cackowski (2009). “Wondering About Wander Gardens.” Landscape Architecture, Vol. 99, No. 1, pp. 27-29.
Synopsis: Wander gardens stimulate the sense and enhance the well-being of dementia patients.
http://archives.asla.org/lamag/lam09/january/research.html
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Click here to link to part of Research Design Connections’ summary in Landscape Architecture Magazine.
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An excerpt from this article and images of the garden were published in February, 2011 on the Therapeutic Landscapes Network Blog.
Click here to link to the blog post and here to read or download a pdf of the full article.
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“Landscape Architects design a detailed roof garden, providing a natural escape for patients and families at St. Louis Children’s Hospital.”
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Hartig, Terry, and Henk Staats. “The Need for Psychological Restoration as a Determinant of Environmental Preferences.” Journal of Environmental Psychology, vol. 26, no. 3, Sept. 2006, pp. 215–26. DOI.org (Crossref), https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvp.2006.07.007.
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Hebert, Bonnie B. (2003). “Design Guidelines of a Therapeutic Garden for Autistic Children.” Master of Landscape Architecture Thesis for Louisiana State University and Agricultural and Mechanical College.
Click HERE to link to a pdf of the thesis.
Abstract: This study establishes a set of guidelines for designing a therapeutic garden for autistic children. To understand how a garden may provide benefit, the literature on healing gardens is reviewed. The history of gardens in hospital settings and other healthcare institutions is examined. In addition, published work on the effects of nature on stress and health outcomes and theories as to why nature is restorative is included in the review of the literature. Because the focus of the study is outdoor environments for autistic children, published works on children’s outdoor environments and the topic of play are reviewed as well.
The nature of autism and its characteristics are studied to determine the strengths, deficits, and needs of the autistic child as well as current treatment methodologies in use today including whether these treatments would lend themselves to an outdoor environment.
Informal interviews with professionals who work with autistic children on a daily basis give insight into these treatment methodologies. A field study conducted at a facility for autistic children in New Orleans allowed observations of autistic children and the professionals who work with them providing first hand information about the nature of autism and implementation of treatment methodologies.
Based on the extensive literature review, informal interviews, the field study, direct observation, and the writer’s own experience of teaching autistic children in New Orleans for a year, design guidelines are established.
Helphand, Kenneth (2006). Defiant Gardens: Making Gardens in Wartime. San Antonio: Trinity University Press.
Defiant Gardens are, in the words of the author, “…gardens created in extreme or difficult environmental, social, political, economic, or cultural conditions. These gardens represent adaptation to challenging circumstances, but they can also be viewed from other dimensions as sites of assertion and affirmation.” Helphand’s book focuses on “Trench Gardens” on the Western Front in WWI, “Ghetto Gardens” in Nazi Europe, “Barbed-Wire Gardens” created by allied prisoners of war and civilian internees in Europe and Asia in the World Wars, gardens in Japanese internment camps in the United States during WWII, and gardens following WWII.
Helphand’s website, also called Defiant Gardens, includes information from the book, and also brings these gardens into the present, encompassing prison gardens, community gardens, and gardens in Vietnam, Afghanistan, Iraq, and even Guantanamo.
Note: At the time of this entry, the website seems to be down. We hope it’s a temporary glitch. The url is defiantgardens.com.
Listen to an NPR story about the book.
Read a Therapeutic Landscapes Network Blog post about Defiant Gardens and veterans’ gardens.
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See also Ali, Saleem H. (2007). Peace Parks: Conservation and Conflict Resolution. Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press, and the Peace Parks Foundation website, www.peaceparks.org.
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“Julie Moir Messervy takes her message to the masses.”
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“Horticultural Therapist Teresia Hazen went looking for healing gardens at the National Institutes of Health. What she found was a mixed bag.”
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“What had to happen before an urban medical center removed the barriers that kept the homeless out of its institutional landscape?”
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In this Finnish study, researchers found that participants chose as their favorite landscapes those with familiar scenery and less biodiversity over landscapes rich in species. This type of study, though not specific to healthcare environments, can nevertheless be important for informing research-based design.
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Hunt, Anne (2008). “Certification Course Offers Insight and Inspiration on Healthcare Garden Design.” Article about Chicago Botanic Garden’s Healthcare Garden Design Certification Program.
Click HERE to view or download the PDF.
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See the Learning Landscapes website for more information: www.learninglandscapes.org
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This article features 7 playgrounds designed for universal play. Read the article online at www.landscapeonline.com/research/article/11315.
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A similar version of Kovary’s thesis was published with the same title as Chapter 12 of Shoemaker, Candice A. (Ed.) (2002) Interaction by Design: Bringing People and Plants Together for Health and Well-Being. Ames, Iowa: Iowa State Press.
If you would like an electronic copy of this thesis, email the author, Myra Kovary
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Click HERE to view or download the PDF.
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Lewis, Charles A. “Human Health and Well-being: The Psychological, Physiological, and Sociological Effects of Plants on People.” Acta Horticulturae, Vol. 391, pp. 31-39.
Lee, Hyun Jin, and Dong Kun Lee. “Do Sociodemographic Factors and Urban Green Space Affect Mental Health Outcomes Among the Urban Elderly Population?” International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, vol. 16, no. 5, 5, Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute, Jan. 2019, p. 789. www.mdpi.com, https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16050789.
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Li, Dongying, and William C. Sullivan. “Impact of Views to School Landscapes on Recovery from Stress and Mental Fatigue.” Landscape and Urban Planning, vol. 148, Elsevier B.V., 2016, pp. 149–58, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landurbplan.2015.12.015.
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Lindemuth, Amy L. (2006). “SOU Courtyard Garden: Designing a Therapeutic Environment for Corrections Staff and Mentally Ill Offenders.” Master of Landscape Architecture Thesis, University of Washington 2006.
This is a design thesis and includes design of a real site at a prison in WA state with literature and historical review.
If you would like an electronic copy of this thesis, email the author, Amy Lindemuth
Lindemuth, Amy L. (2007). “Designing Therapeutic Environments for Inmates and Prison Staff in the United States: Precedents and Contemporary Applications.” Journal of Mediterranean Ecology, Vol. 8: 87-97.
Click on the link below to view the paper:
http://www.jmecology.com/%5Cpdf%5C2007%5C87-97%20Lindemuth.pdf
Abstract
American correctional facilities are stressful social environments within stark institutional settings. Although these settings are experienced by millions of inmates and staff every day and have negative effects on health, the restorative and therapeutic benefits that the architecture and landscape could provide are rarely given careful consideration by designers and other individuals involved in their planning, construction, or administration. Research has shown that gardens and natural settings can be physically and psychologically beneficial for inmates and prison staff in terms of reducing stress and alleviating mental fatigue. While gardens have been used in U.S. prisons since at least the 19th century for vocational training and therapy, their design has received little consideration. Further, the design and process of creating a garden with restorative and therapeutic qualities in a prison environment has received little attention in the Landscape Architecture literature. This paper discusses the potential benefits of prison gardens as well as the elements necessary to design, implement, and maintain a successful prison garden project. Research into historic and contemporary precedents of prison gardens is discussed as well as the authorÕs experience developing a design for prison staff and mentally ill inmates within a state facility northeast of Seattle, Washington.
Liu, Yuqi, et al. “Natural Outdoor Environment, Neighbourhood Social Cohesion and Mental Health: Using Multilevel Structural Equation Modelling, Streetscape and Remote-Sensing Metrics.” Urban Forestry & Urban Greening, vol. 48, Feb. 2020, p. 126576. DOI.org (Crossref), https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ufug.2019.126576.
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Mahan, Catherine (2006). “Memory Support Gardens: Designing for Dementia.” AAHSA’s Future Age, January/February.
Mahan, Catherine (2003). “Maintaining the Healing Garden.” Providence Hospital Symposium, Washington D.C.
Malkin, Jain (2008). A Visual Reference for Evidence-Based Design. Center for Health Design. You can order the book directly from the CHD website.
Malone, Sara (2006). “The Art of Healing: William Beaumont Hospital South Tower Addition.” Medical Construction & Design, May/June, p. 54.
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Marberry, S. O. (Ed.) (2006). Improving Healthcare With Better Building Design, Health Administration Press. Order the book and download an excerpt from Chapter 8 on Cultural Transformation by D. Kirk Hamilton and Robin Orr from the Center for Health Design website.
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Marcus, Clare Cooper* and Marni Barnes, Eds. (1999). Healing Gardens: Therapeutic Benefits and Design Recommendations. New York: John Wiley & Sons, 1999. Received the 2000 EDRA/Places “Place Research” Award; see Bressi, Todd.
(actually “Cooper Marcus, Clare” but as there is confusion about which last name comes first, we’re citing the book here as well).
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McCarthy, Thomas J. (2009). “Universal Design.” Landscape Architecture, Vol. 99, No. 9, pp. 66-77.
Synopsis: Natural public places like parks can be made more accessible for people with disabilities while also protecting the natural environment.
Keywords: Universal Design, Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA)
http://archives.asla.org/lamag/lam09/september/universal_design.html
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McCray, Talia and Frederick R. Steiner, FASLA (2009). “Why Our Kids Should Be Able to Walk to School.” Landscape Architecture, Vol. 99, No. 9, pp. 187-188. (“…and other places in their communities. It’s all about health, say pediatricians.”)
Keywords: Children, school, obesity, pediatricians
McDowell, Christopher Forrest and Tricia Clark McDowell. The Sanctuary Garden: Creating a Place of Refuge in Your Yard or Garden. Fireside.
McEachan, R. R. C., et al. “The Association between Green Space and Depressive Symptoms in Pregnant Women: Moderating Roles of Socioeconomic Status and Physical Activity.” J Epidemiol Community Health, vol. 70, no. 3, BMJ Publishing Group Ltd, Mar. 2016, pp. 253–59. jech.bmj.com, https://doi.org/10.1136/jech-2015-205954.
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For a good synopsis of this article, visit Meristem Library’s Scientific Literature page.
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Meidenbauer, Kimberly, et al. The Gradual Development of the Preference for Natural Environments. 2018. ResearchGate, https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/7hw83.
Meidenbauer, Kimberly Lewis, et al. The Gradual Development of the Preference for Natural Environments. preprint, PsyArXiv, 24 Dec. 2018. DOI.org (Crossref), https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/7hw83.
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Messervy, Julie Moir, Phil Puzick and Steven A. Fritts (2007). “Nature Deficit Disorder And the Landscape Architect.” Landscape Architecture, Letters to the Editor, Vol. 97, No. 10, October, 2007, p. 25.
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Metz, Randall K. (2005). “An Interior Garden.” Landscape Architecture, Vol. 95, No. 4, April, pp. 46-52 (“A hospital tower’s atrium garden [the Debra Saber-Salisbury Memorial Garden at William Beaumont Hospital] brings Michigan’s outdoor inside”). See also Pamela Nelly’s Letter to the Editor in response to Metz’s article: “Artificial Trees? No Substitute for the Real Thing.” in Landscape Architecture, Vol. 95, No. 6, June, pp. 18-19.
Metz, Randall K., ASLA (2006). “Gardens for All Seasons.” Medical Construction & Design, July/August, p. 18.
(William Beaumont Hospital South Tower Addition: Atrium Gardens With Spaces for Respite and Play).
Meyer, Wendy (200 7). “Persistence of Memory: Scent Gardens for Therapeutic Life Review in Communities for the Elderly.” Thesis for Master of Landscape Architecture at the University of Texas at Arlington.
Click HERE to view a pdf of the this thesis.
Millet, Patrick (2009). “Integrating Horticulture into the Vocational Rehabilitation Process of Individuals with Fatigue, Chronic Fatigue, and Burnout: A Theoretical Model.” Journal of Therapeutic Horticulture, Vol. XIX, pp. 11-22.
The references list in this article is also very useful.
Synopsis: Horticultural Therapy as a rehabilitation process following medical treatment for those suffering from fatigue, chronic fatigue, burnout and other stress-related health problems.
Keywords: Mental Health, Horticultural Therapy, Stress, Fatigue, Burnout
Minter, Sue (1993). The Healing Garden. Rutland, VT: Charles E. Tuttle Company, Inc.
Mitchell, Richard J., et al. “Neighborhood Environments and Socioeconomic Inequalities in Mental Well-Being.” American Journal of Preventive Medicine, vol. 49, no. 1, July 2015, pp. 80–84. ScienceDirect, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amepre.2015.01.017.
Mitrione, Steve, M.D. (2006). “Clare Apartments: Design and Evaluation of a Therapeutic Landscape for People Living with HIV Disease.” MLA Capstone Thesis, University of Minnesota Department of Landscape Architecture.
Click HERE to view or download the PDF.
Mittelstaedt Jr., Arthur H. (2008). “Play Center Safety Considerations.” Landscape Architecture and Specifier News, Vol. 24, No. 10, pp. 28-30, 156.
http://www.landscapeonline.com/research/article/11342
Molden, Stephanie, Nancy Chambers, Matthew Wichrowski, Gwenn Fried, and Harvey Loomis (1999). Growth Through Nature: A Preschool Program for Children with Disabilities. Sagapress (Article about the Enid Haupt Glass Garden at the Rusk Institute for Rehabilitative Medicine).
Mooney, Patrick and R. Hoover (1996). “Design of Restorative Landscapes for Alzheimer’s Patients.” American Society of Landscape Architects Annual Meeting Proceedings, Washington, D.C.
Mooney, P. F. and Milstein, S.L. (1994). “Assessing the Benefits of a Therapeutic Horticulture Program for Seniors in Intermediate Care.” In The Healing Dimensions of People-Plant Relations, Francis, M., Lindsey P. and Rice, J.S. (eds.), UC Davis, CA: Center for Design Research, pp. 173-194.
Mooney, P. and Nicell, P.L. (1992). “The Importance of Exterior Environment for Alzheimer Residents: Effective Care and Risk Management.” Healthcare Management Forum, 5, (2), pp. 23-29.
For a good synopsis of this article, visit Meristem Library’s Scientific Literature page.
Mooney, P. and Errett, M.C. (1991). “Introduction to Horticultural Therapy: A Horticultural Therapy Program for Seniors in Intermediate Care Facilities.” Vancouver, British Columbia: The Botanical Garden of the University of British Columbia.
Moore, Ernest O. (1981-82). “A Prison Environment’s Effect on Health Care Service Demands.” Journal of Environmental Systems, p. 2.
Moore, Robin C. (2008). “Reasons to Smile at Teardrop.” Landscape Architecture Magazine, Vol. 97, No. 12, pp. 134-136. “Project for Public Spaces banished it to its Hall of Shame, but a postoccupancy evaluation [POE] study suggests that New Yorkers are embracing Teardrop Park.”
Moore, Robin C. (1993). Plants for Play. Berkeley, CA: MIG Communications (children’s gardens; includes lists of poisonous and harmful plants).
Mosko, Martin Hakubai (2003). Landscape as Spirit: Creating a Contemplative Garden. Weatherhill.
Mueller, Marie A. E., and Eirini Flouri. “Neighbourhood Greenspace and Children’s Trajectories of Self-Regulation: Findings from the UK Millennium Cohort Study.” Journal of Environmental Psychology, vol. 71, Oct. 2020, p. 101472. ScienceDirect, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvp.2020.101472.
Munts, Pat (2007). “Healing Goes Beyond Medicine: Gardens give patients bonus benefits,” SpokesmanReview.com, May 15. http://www.spokesmanreview.com/tools/story_pf.asp?ID=189344
Murray, Elizabeth (1997). Cultivating Sacred Space: Gardening for the Soul. San Francisco: Pomegranite.
Neale, Chris, Peter Aspinall, Jenny Roe, Sara Tilley, Panagiotis Mavros, Steve Cinderby, Richard Coyne, Neil Thin, Gary Bennett, et al. “The Aging Urban Brain: Analyzing Outdoor Physical Activity Using the Emotiv Affectiv Suite in Older People.” Journal of Urban Health, vol. 94, no. 6, Dec. 2017, pp. 869–80. Springer Link, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11524-017-0191-9.
Neale, Chris, Peter Aspinall, Jenny Roe, Sara Tilley, Panagiotis Mavros, Steve Cinderby, Richard Coyne, Neil Thin, and Catharine Ward Thompson. “The Impact of Walking in Different Urban Environments on Brain Activity in Older People.” Cities & Health, vol. 4, no. 1, Taylor & Francis, Jan. 2020, pp. 94–106. Taylor and Francis+NEJM, https://doi.org/10.1080/23748834.2019.1619893.
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“New Study out: Reduced Symptoms of Burnout Noted in Nurses Who Spent One Break a Day in a Hospital Garden.” Nature Sacred, 9 Nov. 2018, https://naturesacred.org/new-study-out-reduced-symptoms-of-burnout-noted-in-nurses-who-spent-one-break-a-day-in-a-hospital-garden/.
Nolen-Hoeksema, Susan, et al. “Rethinking Rumination.” Perspectives on Psychological Science, vol. 3, no. 5, Sept. 2008, pp. 400–24. DOI.org (Crossref), https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6924.2008.00088.x.
O’Connell, Kim (1999). “The Harmony of Spaces.” Landscape Architecture, Volume 89, No. 9, September, pp. 102-126 (article on Feng Shui in landscape design).
Ohly, Heather, et al. “Attention Restoration Theory: A Systematic Review of the Attention Restoration Potential of Exposure to Natural Environments.” Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health, Part B, vol. 19, no. 7, Taylor & Francis, Oct. 2016, pp. 305–43. Taylor and Francis+NEJM, https://doi.org/10.1080/10937404.2016.1196155.
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Paraskevopoulou, Angeliki Triandafillou, and Emmanouela Kamperi. “Design of Hospital Healing Gardens Linked to Pre- or Post-Occupancy Research Findings.” Frontiers of Architectural Research, vol. 7, no. 3, Sept. 2018, pp. 395–414. ScienceDirect, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foar.2018.05.004.
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Passon, Camille, Daniel Levy, and Vicente del Rio (2008). “Implications of Adolescents’ Perceptions and Values for Planning and Design.” Journal of Planning and Education, Vol. 28.
See also the synopsis of this article by Research Design Connection’s Sally Augustin and Jean Marie Cackowski-Campbell:
Augustin, Sally and Jean Marie Cackowski (2009). “When Designing Public Places, Including Teenagers Is (duh!) a Good Idea.” Landscape Architecture, Vol. 99, No. 1, pp. 22-25. http://www.researchdesignconnections.com/
Synopsis: The article examines why teenagers are not considered when outdoor public places are being designed, and what the benefits could be of including them into this process.
Keywords: Teenagers, Outdoor Public Spaces, Design Features.
http://archives.asla.org/lamag/lam09/january/research.html
Pati, Debajyoti, et al. “Relationships between Exterior Views and Nurse Stress: An Exploratory Examination.” Herd, vol. 1, no. 2, 2008, pp. 27–38, https://doi.org/10.1177/193758670800100204.
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Payne, Sarah R., and Neil Bruce. “Exploring the Relationship between Urban Quiet Areas and Perceived Restorative Benefits.” International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, vol. 16, no. 9, 2019, https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16091611.
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Perkins, N. H. (2000). “Using the Physical Environment as a Therapeutic Tool: Applied Research in Hospital Settings.” Environmental Design and Research Association, San Francisco, CA.
Perkins, N. H. (1999). “Psychiatric Hospital Environments.” Case Study in Clare Cooper Marcus and Marni Barnes (Eds.) Healing Gardens. New York: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Perkins, N. H. (1999). “Interactive Interfaces: Designing Digital Surveys for Research and Practice.” Environmental Design and Research Association (EDRA), Orlando, FL.
Perkins, N. H. and L. Burcher (1999). “Participatory Programming for Hospital Gardens.” Environmental Design and Research Association, Orlando, FL.
Perkins, N. H. (1998) “The Physical Environment as a Therapeutic Tool.” XVI Congress of the World Association of Social Psychiatry, Vancouver, B.C.
Perkins, N. H. and S. Barnhart (1996). “Master Plan for the Homewood Health Centre.” Guelph, ON.
Perkins, N. H. (1995). “Health and Healthcare: Using the Natural Environment as Treatment.” Wellington District Health Council.
Perkins, N.H. (1995). “Computer Assisted Testing Module Designs.” Design Cafe, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON.
Perkins, N. H. (1995). “Natural Environments and Human Well-being: The Necessity of Linking Psychiatric Therapy to the Setting: History, Applications and Implications.” Homewood Hospital Board of Directors General Meeting, Guelph, ON.
Perrin, Jeffrey L., and Victor A. Benassi. “The Connectedness to Nature Scale: A Measure of Emotional Connection to Nature?” Journal of Environmental Psychology, vol. 29, no. 4, Dec. 2009, pp. 434–40. ScienceDirect, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvp.2009.03.003.
Perry, Suzanne (2007). “The Importance of Nature: The Wellness Garden Program at Glacier Hills Retirement Community.” Michigan Alzheimer’s Disease Research Center Newsletter, Spring, pp. 4 & 7. http://www.med.umich.edu/alzheimers/spring-07.pdf
Pessoa, Luiz. “On the Relationship between Emotion and Cognition.” Nature Reviews Neuroscience, vol. 9, no. 2, 2008, pp. 148–58, https://doi.org/10.1038/nrn2317.
Peter H. Kahn, Jr., and Thea Weiss. “The Importance of Children Interacting with Big Nature.” Children, Youth and Environments, vol. 27, no. 2, University of Cincinnati, 2017, pp. 7–24. JSTOR, https://doi.org/10.7721/chilyoutenvi.27.2.0007.
Pettit, T., et al. “Towards Practical Indoor Air Phytoremediation: A Review.” Chemosphere, vol. 208, Oct. 2018, pp. 960–74. ScienceDirect, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.06.048.
Pezawas, Lukas, et al. “5-HTTLPR Polymorphism Impacts Human Cingulate-Amygdala Interactions: A Genetic Susceptibility Mechanism for Depression.” Nature Neuroscience, vol. 8, no. 6, June 2005, pp. 828–34. www.nature.com, https://doi.org/10.1038/nn1463.
Plae Inc., Limited Sea Reach, USDA Forest Service (1993). Universal Access to Outdoor Recreation: Design Guide. Berkeley, CA: Mig Communications.
Pliska, Shane. “Plants That Heal: Indoor Therapeutic Gardens.” Interiorscape Magazine.
Case study of Henry Ford Hospital. View the article online at http://www.planterra.com/research/article_healinggarden.php
Pliska, Shane (2005). “Biophilia: Selling the Love of Nature.” Interiorscape Magazine, January/February.
View the article online at http://www.planterra.com/research/article_biophilia.php
Pliska, Shane (2005). “Helping to Heal: Therapeutic Garden Design.” INTERIORSCAPE magazine, November/December, pp. 16-22.
Click HERE to view a PDF of the article, or you can view the article online at: http://www.planterra.com/research/article_therapeutic.php
Potwarka, Luke, Andrew Kaczynski, and Andrea Flack (2008). “Places to Play: Association of Park Space and Facilities with Healthy Weight Status Among Children.” Journal of Community Health, Vol. 33.
See also the synopsis of this article by Research Design Connection’s Sally Augustin and Jean Marie Cackowski-Campbell:
Augustin, Sally and Jean Marie Cackowski (2009). “On the Playground, Obstacles Jump-Start Activity.” Landscape Architecture, Vol. 99, No. 1, pp. 25-26.
Synopsis: Obstacles on a playground stimulate activity in children ages 3-5.
http://archives.asla.org/lamag/lam09/january/research.html
Poulsen, Dorthe Varning, et al. “Whatever Happened to the Soldiers? Nature-Assisted Therapies for Veterans Diagnosed with Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder: A Literature Review.” Urban Forestry & Urban Greening, vol. 14, no. 2, Jan. 2015, pp. 438–45. ScienceDirect, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ufug.2015.03.009.
Presley, Beth Hyatt. “Digging up the Answers: Can Gardening Help with Promoting Mental Health?” Total Landscape Care, 7 June 2018, https://www.totallandscapecare.com/business/article/15041581/can-gardening-help-with-promoting-mental-health.
Pritchard, Alison, et al. “The Relationship Between Nature Connectedness and Eudaimonic Well-Being: A Meta-Analysis.” Journal of Happiness Studies, vol. 21, Mar. 2020. ResearchGate, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10902-019-00118-6.
Quoidbach, Jordi, et al. “Positive Interventions: An Emotion Regulation Perspective.” Psychological Bulletin, vol. in press, Jan. 2015. ResearchGate, https://doi.org/10.1037/a0038648.
“Racist Housing Practices From The 1930s Linked To Hotter Neighborhoods Today.” All Things Considered, NPR, 14 Jan. 2020. NPR, https://www.npr.org/2020/01/14/795961381/racist-housing-practices-from-the-1930s-linked-to-hotter-neighborhoods-today.
Rafkin, Louise (2001). “The Seeds of Stronger Bones.” Health, April, pp. 58-62 (“Want to prevent osteoporosis and beautify your environment? Get to work in your own backyard”).
Rainey, Reuben M. (2010) “Therapeutic Landscapes: America’s Nineteenth-Century Rural Cemeteries.” View (the magazine of the Library of American Landscape History), Summer, No. 10, pp. 18-21.
Raio, Candace M., et al. “Cognitive Emotion Regulation Fails the Stress Test.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, vol. 110, no. 37, National Academy of Sciences, Sept. 2013, pp. 15139–44. www.pnas.org, https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1305706110.
Rankin, Kyla, et al. “Awe-Full Uncertainty: Easing Discomfort during Waiting Periods.” Journal of Positive Psychology, vol. 15, no. 3, 2020, pp. 338–47, https://doi.org/10.1080/17439760.2019.1615106.
Ratcliffe, Eleanor, et al. “Associations with Bird Sounds: How Do They Relate to Perceived Restorative Potential?” Journal of Environmental Psychology, vol. 47, Sept. 2016, pp. 136–44. ScienceDirect, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvp.2016.05.009.
Ratcliffe, Eleanor, et al. “Bird Sounds and Their Contributions to Perceived Attention Restoration and Stress Recovery.” Journal of Environmental Psychology, vol. 36, Dec. 2013, pp. 221–28. ScienceDirect, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvp.2013.08.004.
Ratcliffe, Eleanor, and Kalevi M. Korpela. “Memory and Place Attachment as Predictors of Imagined Restorative Perceptions of Favourite Places.” Journal of Environmental Psychology, vol. 48, Dec. 2016, pp. 120–30. ScienceDirect, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvp.2016.09.005.
Raver, Anne (1994). “When Hope Falters, Balm for the Soul.” The New York Times, December 29, pp. C1, C6.
Article about designer Topher Delaney.
Rawlings, Romy (1998). Healing Gardens. Minocqua, WI: Willow Creek Press.
Reed, Douglas (1995). “The Therapeutic Garden.” Art New England, August/September, p. 21
Regnier, Victor (2002). Design for Assisted Living: Guidelines for Housing the Physically and Mentally Ill. New York: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Reichert, Markus, et al. “Studying the Impact of Built Environments on Human Mental Health in Everyday Life: Methodological Developments, State-of-the-Art and Technological Frontiers.” Current Opinion in Psychology, vol. 32, Apr. 2020, pp. 158–64. ScienceDirect, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.copsyc.2019.08.026.
Relf, Diane (Ed.) (1992). The Role of Horticulture in Human Well-Being and Social Development. Portland, OR: Timber Press.
Richards, Jane M., and James J. Gross. “Personality and Emotional Memory: How Regulating Emotion Impairs Memory for Emotional Events.” Journal of Research in Personality, vol. 40, no. 5, Oct. 2006, pp. 631–51. ScienceDirect, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrp.2005.07.002.
Richardson, Elizabeth A., and Richard Mitchell. “Gender Differences in Relationships between Urban Green Space and Health in the United Kingdom.” Social Science & Medicine, vol. 71, no. 3, Aug. 2010, pp. 568–75. ScienceDirect, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2010.04.015.
Richardson, Miles. “Beyond Restoration: Considering Emotion Regulation in Natural Well-Being.” Ecopsychology, vol. 11, no. 2, Mary Ann Liebert, Inc., publishers, June 2019, pp. 123–29. liebertpub.com (Atypon), https://doi.org/10.1089/eco.2019.0012.
Richardson, Miles, and David Sheffield. “Three Good Things in Nature: Noticing Nearby Nature Brings Sustained Increases in Connection with Nature / Tres Cosas Buenas de La Naturaleza: Prestar Atención a La Naturaleza Cercana Produce Incrementos Prolongados En Conexión Con La Naturaleza.” PsyEcology, vol. 8, no. 1, Routledge, Jan. 2017, pp. 1–32. Taylor and Francis+NEJM, https://doi.org/10.1080/21711976.2016.1267136.
Ridgers, Nicola, Gareth Stratton, Stuart Fairclough, and Jos Twisk. (2007). “Long-Term Effects of Playground Markings and Physical Structures on Children’s Recess Physical Activity Levels.” Preventive Medicine, Vol. 44.
Rigolon, Alessandro. “A Complex Landscape of Inequity in Access to Urban Parks: A Literature Review.” Landscape and Urban Planning, vol. 153, Sept. 2016, pp. 160–69. ScienceDirect, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landurbplan.2016.05.017.
Rigolon, Alessandro. “Access to Urban Green Space in Cities of the Global South: A Systematic Literature Review.” Urban Science, vol. 2, no. 3, 3, Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute, Sept. 2018, p. 67. www.mdpi.com, https://doi.org/10.3390/urbansci2030067.
Rigolon, Alessandro, and Jeremy Németh. “Green Gentrification or ‘Just Green Enough’: Do Park Location, Size and Function Affect Whether a Place Gentrifies or Not?” Urban Studies, vol. 57, no. 2, Feb. 2020, pp. 402–20. DOI.org (Crossref), https://doi.org/10.1177/0042098019849380.
Roberts, Jennifer D. “Central Park: Black Bodies, Green Spaces, White Minds.” Medium, 7 June 2020, https://medium.com/@ActiveRoberts/central-park-black-bodies-green-spaces-white-minds-3efebde69077.
Roberts, Hannah, et al. “The Effect of Short-Term Exposure to the Natural Environment on Depressive Mood: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.” Environmental Research, vol. 177, Oct. 2019, p. 108606. ScienceDirect, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2019.108606.
Rodiek, S. (2009). Access to Nature for Older Adults [3 DVDs – 93 minutes]. College Station, TX: Center for Health Systems & Design.
“Innovative multimedia educational program based on three DVDs:
1. The Value of Nature for Older Adults (28 min);
2. Improving Outdoor Access for Older Adults (31 min); and
3. Safe and Usable Outdoor Spaces for Older Adults (34 min).
An interactive website (www.accesstonature.org) is being developed to provide updatable in-depth research-based information. The program is being disseminated at the national and international levels to a diverse target audience of architects, landscape architects, interior architects, long-term care administrators, gerontologists, researchers/ educators, government policy planners. All three DVDs were certified for Continuing Education credit (HSW – Health, Safety and Welfare) by the American Institute of Architects (AIA) in June 2009.”
Read our review of this DVD series on the TLN Blog.
Discount! Members of the Therapeutic Landscapes Network receive a 10% discount off single and sets of these DVDs. To join the TLN, click HERE and write “DVDs” in the “Any other information you want to add” box.
2008 Rodiek, S.(2008) “Outdoor Space for Aging: Environmental Assessment and Survey of Assisted Living Residents and Staff.” Proceedings of the 39th Annual Conference of the Environmental Design Research Association, B. Rodriguez & M. Chapin (Eds.), p. 62-69.
Rodiek, S. (2008). “A New Tool for Evaluating Senior Living Environments.” Seniors Housing & Care Journal, 16(1), 3-9.
Selected as best paper of the year in this journal.
Rodiek, Susan and B. Schwarz, Eds. (2007). Outdoor Environments for People with Dementia. New York: The Haworth Press, Inc.
” The first published collection of peer-reviewed papers on outdoor environments for older adults with Alzheimer’s and other dementias. Includes chapters by prominent gerontologists, architects, and landscape architects. Simultaneously published as a two-volume special issue in Journal of Housing for the Elderly.”
2007 Wang, Z.*, Rodiek, S., and Shepley, M. “Residential Site Environments and Yard Activities of Older Adults.” In Report on University Research (Vol 2) pp. 37-57. Washington, DC: The American Institute of Architects. Project funded and paper accepted as result of competitive juried process.
(* denotes Student as co-author)
Rodiek, S. (2006). “A missing link: Can enhanced outdoor space improve seniors housing?” Seniors Housing and Care Journal, 14, 3-19.
Selected as best paper of the year in this journal.
Rodiek, S. (2005). “Resident perceptions of physical environment features that influence outdoor usage at assisted living facilities.” Journal of Housing for the Elderly, 19(3-4), 95-107.
Rodiek, Susan. & Schwarz, B. (2005). “The outdoors as a multifaceted resource for older adults.” Journal of Housing for the Elderly, 19(3-4), 1-6.
” This introduction by the editors provides contextual background on the evidence base on this topic, and summarizes the peer-reviewed papers included in the special issue (6 pages).”
Rodiek, Susuan, & Schwarz, B. (Eds.). (2005). The Role of the Outdoors in Residential Environments for Aging. New York: The Haworth Press.
“The first published collection of peer-reviewed papers on planning outdoor environments in long-term care settings. Includes chapters by prominent gerontologists, architects, and landscape architects. Simultaneously published as a single-volume special issue in Journal of Housing for the Elderly.”
Rodiek, S. D., & Fried, J. T. (2005). “Access to the outdoors: Using photographic comparison to assess preferences of assisted living residents.” Landscape and Urban Planning, 73(2-3), 184-199.
Rodiek, S., and Abbott, E., (2005). “Outdoor Space for Aging: Session One.” “Approximately 200 copies of this CD-based multimedia prototype were produced and distributed to educators and professionals in the long-term care industry, for review and evaluation. Software format: Macromedia Producer. (Running time: approx. 18 minutes).”
Rodiek, S., Fried, J. (2005). “Access to the Outdoors: Using Photographic Comparison to Assess Preferences of Assisted Living Residents.” Journal of Landscape and Urban Planning, Vol. 73, (2-3), 184-199.
Chalfont, G.E., Rodiek, S. (2005). “Building Edge: An Ecological Approach to Research and Design of Environments for People with Dementia.” Alzheimer’s Care Quarterly: Innovations in Care. Vol 6 (4), 341-348.
Rodiek, S. D. (2002). “Influence of an outdoor garden on mood and stress in older persons.” Journal of Therapeutic Horticulture, 13, 13-21.
Roe, Jenny. “Cities, Green Space, and Mental Well-Being.” Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Environmental Science, 22 Nov. 2016, https://doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780199389414.013.93.
Roe, Jenny, and Peter Aspinall. “The Restorative Benefits of Walking in Urban and Rural Settings in Adults with Good and Poor Mental Health.” Health & Place, vol. 17, no. 1, Jan. 2011, pp. 103–13. ScienceDirect, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.healthplace.2010.09.003.
Roe, Jenny, and Peter Aspinall. “The Restorative Outcomes of Forest School and Conventional School in Young People with Good and Poor Behaviour.” Urban Forestry and Urban Greening, vol. 10, no. 3, Elsevier GmbH., 2011, pp. 205–12, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ufug.2011.03.003.
Roe, Jenny J., Peter A. Aspinall, et al. “Coping with Stress in Deprived Urban Neighborhoods: What Is the Role of Green Space According to Life Stage?” Frontiers in Psychology, vol. 8, 2017, p. 1760. Frontiers, https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2017.01760.
Roe, Jenny J., Catharine Ward Thompson, et al. “Green Space and Stress: Evidence from Cortisol Measures in Deprived Urban Communities.” International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, vol. 10, no. 9, 9, Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute, Sept. 2013, pp. 4086–103. www.mdpi.com, https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph10094086.
Roelofs, Jeffrey, et al. “The Influence of Rumination and Distraction on Depressed and Anxious Mood: A Prospective Examination of the Response Styles Theory in Children and Adolescents.” European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, vol. 18, no. 10, Oct. 2009, pp. 635–42. PubMed Central, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00787-009-0026-7.
Roets, Susan (2006). “Healthcare and Landscape Architecture: Investigation and Design at an Assisted Living Home to Promote Healthy Aging.” Master of Landscape Architecture Thesis, SUNY College of Environmental Science and Forestry, Syracuse, NY.
Click HERE to link to a pdf of the thesis.
Abstract: This research study investigates the person-environment relationship among older people residing in an Assisted Living Facility with the intention to raising awareness of the importance of our elders and their environment. The findings that have developed from this study are aimed to encourage caregivers to provide environments that promote health and support dignified aging. This study uses observations, questionnaires, and interviews as strategies to provide a comprehensive understanding of the role of the outdoor space at an assisted living facility. The information gathered reveals the needs and issues of the facility stakeholders. Synthesis of the findings that develop from on-site investigation and reviewed case studies was used to develop a design solution that meets the needs of the users and improves the therapeutic value of the outdoor environment.
Rogers, Juliet L., PhD (2006). “The Debate over Decorative Fountains in Healthcare Environments: How Great is the Infection Control Risk?” Research Design Connections, Winter.
Click HERE to view a PDF of the article.
Rojas-Burke, Joe (2006). “Therapist cultivates patients’ recovery by taking them into the garden,” The Oregonian.
Click HERE to view a PDF of the article.
Rothert, Gene (2000). “Create an Enabling Garden.” Fine Gardening, No. 72, March-April, pp. 58-61.
Rothert, Gene. The Enabling Garden: Creating Barrier-Free Gardens.
Rufino, Ana T., et al. “Anti-Inflammatory and Chondroprotective Activity of (+)-α-Pinene: Structural and Enantiomeric Selectivity.” Journal of Natural Products, vol. 77, no. 2, Feb. 2014, pp. 264–69. DOI.org (Crossref), https://doi.org/10.1021/np400828x.
Russell, J. S. (1992). “Defending Communities.” Architectural Record, Vol. 180, No. 8, August, p. 39.
Russell, Sabin (1999). “Pediatric Hospice May Be a First.” San Francisco Chronicle, October 19, pp. A17-18 (article about pediatric hospice in San Leandro, CA with a design “inspired by the English pediatric hospice system,” including a strong emphasis on the garden).
Ryan, Leslie (1995). “Three Gardens for Regina Margherita Hospital/Church of St. Cosimato.” Landscape Architecture, Vol. 85, No. 12, p. 57.
Ryan, Richard M., et al. “Vitalizing Effects of Being Outdoors and in Nature.” Journal of Environmental Psychology, vol. 30, no. 2, 2010, pp. 159–68, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvp.2009.10.009.
Ryushi, Tomoo, et al. “The Effect of Exposure to Negative Air Ions on the Recovery of Physiological Responses after Moderate Endurance Exercise.” International Journal of Biometeorology, vol. 41, no. 3, 1998, pp. 132–36, https://doi.org/10.1007/s004840050066.
Sachs, Naomi (1999). “Psychiatric Hospitals.” Chapter 6 in Clare Cooper Marcus & Marni Barnes (Eds.) Healing Gardens. New York: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., pp. 235-322.
Sachs, Naomi (2000-2001). “The Therapeutic Landscapes Database.” Newsletter for the ASLA Professional Interest Group on Therapeutic Garden Design, Vol. 2, No. 1, Winter, p. 3; re-published in LandOnline, 2000.
Sachs, Naomi (2003). “Healing Landscapes.” arcCA, Vol. 03.4, pp. 36-39 & 51.
Sacks, Oliver (1993). A Leg to Stand On. New York: Harper.
Sadler, Charles King (2007). “Design Guidelines for Effective Hospice Gardens Using Japanese Garden Principles.” Master of Landscape Architecture Thesis, SUNY College of Environmental Science and Forestry, Syracuse, NY.
Click HERE to link to a pdf of the thesis.
Abstract: This project will create hospice garden design guidelines using Japanese garden and architectural principles and apply them to an actual site for the purpose of creating a restorative hospice garden. To support this research study a literature and precedent review will determine what has been done. The literature review will investigate healthcare design, hospice garden design, principles of restoration, and Japanese garden architectural principles. Then the study will show why a Japanese garden is a preferred garden type and is applicable to a restorative garden. This project will also illustrate what constitutes a restorative landscape, using guidelines from the literature review. A precedent review of existing healthcare gardens will bring to light what criteria creates a restorative Healthcare garden design and what design pitfalls to avoid. From the precedent review and literature view design guidelines for creating restorative hospice gardens will be created. These guidelines will then be applied to an exisiting hospice site to create an informed design solution.
Said, Ismail and Mohd Sarofil Abu Bakar (2008). “Affordances of Ward and Garden in the Restorative Process of Hospitalized Children,” Journal of Therapeutic Horticulture, Vol. 18, pp. 18-31.
Salamy, Virginia (1995). “Healing Gardens: Design Guidelines for Landcape Architects.” Master of Landscape Architecture Thesis, Ohio State University.
Sangha, Kamaljit K., et al. An Ecosystem Services Framework to Evaluate Indigenous and Local Peoples’ Connections with Nature. p. 27.
Santa Fe Cancer Center (2003). “Providing the Best Cancer Care Available: The Santa Fe Cancer Center at St. Vincent Hospital.” Ladies’ Home Journal, Vol. CXX, No. 9, September, p. 149.
Sato, Izuru, et al. “Savoring Mediates the Effect of Nature on Positive Affect.” International Journal of Wellbeing, vol. 8, no. 1, July 2018, pp. 18–33. DOI.org (Crossref), https://doi.org/10.5502/ijw.v8i1.621.
Scannell, Leila, and Robert Gifford. “Place Attachment Enhances Psychological Need Satisfaction.” Environment and Behavior, vol. 49, no. 4, May 2017, pp. 359–89. DOI.org (Crossref), https://doi.org/10.1177/0013916516637648.
Schebella, Morgan F., et al. “For the Love of Nature: Exploring the Importance of Species Diversity and Micro-Variables Associated with Favorite Outdoor Places.” Frontiers in Psychology, vol. 8, 2017, p. 2094. Frontiers, https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2017.02094.
Schertz, Kathryn E., et al. “A Thought in the Park: The Influence of Naturalness and Low-Level Visual Features on Expressed Thoughts.” Cognition, vol. 174, May 2018, pp. 82–93. DOI.org (Crossref), https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2018.01.011.
Schertz, Kathryn E, et al. “Trees Grow on Money: Urban Tree Canopy Cover and Environmental Justice.” PLOS ONE, vol. 10, no. 4, Public Library of Science, Apr. 2015, p. e0122051. PLoS Journals, https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0122051.
Schertz, Kathryn E., and Marc G. Berman. “Understanding Nature and Its Cognitive Benefits.” Current Directions in Psychological Science, vol. 28, no. 5, SAGE Publications Inc, Oct. 2019, pp. 496–502. SAGE Journals, https://doi.org/10.1177/0963721419854100.
Schloss, Karen B., et al. “What’s That Smell? An Ecological Approach to Understanding Preferences for Familiar Odors.” Perception, vol. 44, no. 1, SAGE Publications Ltd STM, Jan. 2015, pp. 23–38. SAGE Journals, https://doi.org/10.1068/p7807.
Schwarz, Norbert, and Gerald L. Clore. “Mood, Misattribution, and Judgments of Well-Being: Informative and Directive Functions of Affective States.” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, vol. 45, no. 3, 1983, pp. 513–23. DOI.org (Crossref), https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.45.3.513.
Search, Gay (2001). The Healing Garden: Gardening for the Mind, Body, and Soul. Ontario, Canada: Winding Stair Press.
Shanahan, Danielle F., et al. “Health Benefits from Nature Experiences Depend on Dose.” Scientific Reports, vol. 6, no. 1, June 2016, p. 28551. www.nature.com, https://doi.org/10.1038/srep28551.
Shepley, Mardelle McCuskey and Peni Wilson (1999). “Designing for Persons with AIDS: A Post-Occupancy Study at the Bailey-Boushay House.” Journal of Architectural and Planning Research, Vol. 16, No. 1, Spring, pp. 17-32.
Sheppes, Gal, et al. “Emotion-Regulation Choice.” Psychological Science, vol. 22, no. 11, Nov. 2011, pp. 1391–96. DOI.org (Crossref), https://doi.org/10.1177/0956797611418350.
Sherman, Sandra A., James W. Varni, Roger S. Ulrich, Vanessa L. Malcarne (2004). “Post-occupancy evaluation of healing gardens in a pediatric cancer center.” Landscape and Urban Planning.
Abstract
This study evaluates three healing gardens surrounding a pediatric cancer center. All gardens contained seating, flowers and plants, but varied in size, features, and in user groups’ access to them. A post-occupancy evaluation (POE) yielded a dataset of 1400 garden-users for whom demographic information, activities, and length-of-stay were recorded. Results indicate differential usage patterns across gardens, user category (patient, visitor, or staff), and age (adults and children). The largest garden with most direct patient access was the most used. Staff mostly used the gardens to walk-through or to sit and eat, rarely interacting with features intended for active engagement. Despite patient and child-friendly designs, the overwhelming majority of visitors were adults who mostly engaged in sedentary activities. Children who did use the gardens interacted with garden features significantly more than adults. Although patient rooms are situated at ground-level around the gardens to promote window views of the gardens, the findings suggest an inverse relationship between patient window use and the number of people in the gardens. Finally, preliminary data suggest that emotional distress and pain are lower for all groups when in the gardens than when inside the hospital. Provisional design implications of these findings are discussed.
This article can be purchased at sciencedirect.com: ScienceDirect
Shiota, Michelle N., Samantha L. Neufeld, et al. “Feeling Good: Autonomic Nervous System Responding in Five Positive Emotions.” Emotion, vol. 11, no. 6, Dec. 2011, pp. 1368–78, https://doi.org/10.1037/a0024278.
Shiota, Michelle N., Dacher Keltner, et al. “The Nature of Awe: Elicitors, Appraisals, and Effects on Self-Concept.” Cognition and Emotion, vol. 21, no. 5, 2007, pp. 944–63, https://doi.org/10.1080/02699930600923668.
Shoemaker, Candice A. (Ed.) (2002). Interaction by Design: Bringing People and Plants Together for Health and Well-Being. Ames, Iowa: Iowa State Press.
Shuda, Quincy, et al. “Effect of Nature Exposure on Perceived and Physiologic Stress: A Systematic Review.” Complementary Therapies in Medicine, vol. 53, Sept. 2020, p. 102514. ScienceDirect, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ctim.2020.102514.
Silva, Raquel A., et al. “Advancing Environmental Epidemiology to Assess the Beneficial Influence of the Natural Environment on Human Health and Well-Being.” Environmental Science & Technology, vol. 52, no. 17, American Chemical Society, Sept. 2018, pp. 9545–55. ACS Publications, https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.8b01781.
Slavens, Suzanne Perry (2008). “The Psychosocial Benefits of Exposure to Natural Settings in Long-Term Care: An Evaluation of the Wellness Garden Program at Glacier Hills Retirement Community.” Journal of Therapeutic Horticulture, Vol. 18, pp. 32-41.
View or download the article: www.med.umich.edu/alzheimers/PDF/spring-07.pdf
Sleight, Peter F. (2000). “Spiritual Gardening.” The Hartford Courant, February 26, p. D3 (book review of Christopher Forrest McDowell and Tricia Clark McDowell’s book, The Sanctuary Garden: Creating a Place of Refuge in Your Yard or Garden and Roni Jay’s Gardens of the Spirit.
Smith, Daniel B. (2010). “Is There an Ecological Unconsciousness?” The New York Times Magazine, January 31, pp. 36-41.
Smith, David G., et al. “Identification and Characterization of a Novel Anti-Inflammatory Lipid Isolated from Mycobacterium Vaccae, a Soil-Derived Bacterium with Immunoregulatory and Stress Resilience Properties.” Psychopharmacology, vol. 236, no. 5, May 2019, pp. 1653–70. Springer Link, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00213-019-05253-9.
Smith, Jerry (2007). Health and Nature: The Influence of Nature on Design of the Environment of Care. Center for Health Design Position Paper, October. Click here to access a pdf of the paper.
Snyder, Donald R., Anne Rothschadl and Marcy Marchello (2006). Inclusive Outdoor Recreation for Persons with Disabilities: Protocols and Activities. Enumclaw, WA: Idyll Arbor Inc.
Soga, Masashi, et al. “Gardening Is Beneficial for Health: A Meta-Analysis.” Preventive Medicine Reports, vol. 5, Elsevier, Mar. 2017, p. 92, https://doi.org/10.1016/J.PMEDR.2016.11.007.
Solly, Meilan. “Canadian Doctors Will Soon Be Able to Prescribe Museum Visits as Treatment.” Smithsonian Magazine, https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/canadian-doctors-will-soon-be-able-prescribe-museum-visits-180970599/. Accessed 6 Aug. 2021.
Sonti, Nancy Falxa, and Erika S. Svendsen. “Why Garden? Personal and Abiding Motivations for Community Gardening in New York City.” Society and Natural Resources, vol. 31, no. 10, Routledge, 2018, pp. 1189–205, https://doi.org/10.1080/08941920.2018.1484971.
South, Eugenia C., et al. “Effect of Greening Vacant Land on Mental Health of Community-Dwelling Adults: A Cluster Randomized Trial.” JAMA Network Open, vol. 1, no. 3, July 2018, pp. e180298–e180298. Silverchair, https://doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2018.0298.
Spafford, Anne M. (1991). “The Prison Landscape and the Captive Audience: Is Nature Necessity or Amenity?” Landscape Architecture, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign.
Speckhardt, Lisa (2001). “Creating Places Worth Experiencing.” Landscape Architecture, Vol. 91, No. 7, July, pp. 84-87 (“Author Tony Hiss wants to build connections between people and landscapes”).
Speidel, William (2003). “Getting Serious About Therapeutic Practice.” Landscape Architecture, Letter to the Editor, Vol. 93, No. 10, October, pp. 49-50.
Speidel, William (2004). Book review of Shoemaker, Candice A. (Ed.) Interaction by Design. in Landscape Architecture, Vol. 94, No. 1, January, pp. 108-109.
Squire, David (2002). The Healing Garden: Natural Healing for the Mind, Body, and Spirit. London: Vega.
Staats, Henk, et al. “Change in Mood as a Function of Environmental Design: Arousal and Pleasure on a Simulated Forest Hike.” Journal of Environmental Psychology, vol. 17, no. 4, 1997, pp. 283–300, https://doi.org/10.1006/jevp.1997.0069.
Stellar, Jennifer E., et al. “Positive Affect and Markers of Inflammation: Discrete Positive Emotions Predict Lower Levels of Inflammatory Cytokines.” Emotion, vol. 15, no. 2, 2015, pp. 129–33, https://doi.org/10.1037/emo0000033.
Sternberg, Esther (2009). Healing Places: The Science and Place of Well-Being. London, England, and Cambridge, MA: Belknap Press/Harvard University Press.
Read a review of the book on the TLNBlog;
Link to Esther Sternberg’s website;
A PBS show, “The Science of Healing,” was produced based on the book, and can be ordered from Amazon.com. You can view a preview HERE.
Stevens, Margaret (1995). “The Promotion of Wellness.” Landscape Architecture, Vol. 85, No. 1, January, pp. 64-67 (article about Patricia Neal Rehabilitation Center and Fort Sanders Regional Medical Center).
Stevens, Margaret (1995). “Life in Fast-Forward Reverse.” Landscape Architecture, Vol. 85, No. 1, January, pp. 76-79 (article about Alzheimer’s care gardens).
Stoneham, Jane and Peter Thoday (1996). Landscape Design for Elderly and Disabled People. Woodbridge, Suffolk: Garden Art Press.
Stoneham, J. A., A. D. Kendle and Peter R. Thoday. “Horticultural Therapy: Horticulture’s Contribution to the Quality of Life of Disabled People.” Acta Horticulturae, Vol. 391, pp. 65-75.
Stoner, Tom and Carolyn Rapp (2008). Open Spaces Sacred Places. Annapolis, MD: TKF Foundation.
Click HERE to go to the TKF websiteto buy the book and learn more about the organization.
Click HERE to read a review of the book on the TLN Blog.
Streep, Peg (1999). Spiritual Gardening: Creating Sacred Space Outdoors. Alexandria, VA: Time Life Books.
“Stressed? Take a 20-Minute ‘Nature Pill’: Just 20 Minutes of Contact with Nature Will Lower Stress Hormone Levels, Reveals New Study.” ScienceDaily, https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2019/04/190404074915.htm. Accessed 6 Aug. 2021.
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Sutro, Dirk (1995). “Mending Wall.” Landscape Architecture, Vol. 85, No. 1, January, pp. 72-75 (article about San Diego Children’s Hospital).
Tai, Lolly, Mary Taylor Haque, Gina K. McLellan, and Erin Jordan Knight (2006). Designing Outdoor Environments for Children: Landscaping Schoolyards, Gardens, and Playgrounds. New York: McGraw Hill.
Tai, Lolly & Baldev Lamba (2003). “Building to Learn, Part I.” Landscape Architecture, Vol. 93, No. 3, March, pp. 50-55 & 86- (article about a design/build studio at the University of Washington, including building of a rooftop garden for Cancer Lifeline in Seattle).
Taylor, Andrea Faber, et al. “Views of Nature and Self-Discipline: Evidence from Inner City Children.” Journal of Environmental Psychology, vol. 22, no. 1–2, 2002, pp. 49–63, https://doi.org/10.1006/jevp.2001.0241.
Taylor, Andrea Faber, and Frances E. Kuo. “Children with Attention Deficits Concentrate Better after Walk in the Park.” Journal of Attention Disorders, vol. 12, no. 5, 2009, pp. 402–09, https://doi.org/10.1177/1087054708323000.
Tenngart, Carina and Caroline Hagerhall (2007). “Are Gardens Restorative Environments? Assessing the Perceived Restorativeness of Two Healing Gardens.” Department of Landscape Planning Alnarp, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences. Conference proceedings from the conference Open Space/People Space, organized by Open Space (The research centre for inclusive access to outdoor environments, in association with Landscape Architecture, Edinburgh College of Art and the School of the Built Environment, Heriot-Watt University.)
Abstract
The aim of this study is to investigate whether gardens are perceived as restorative and whether different gardens can be more or less restorative. Also, we hypothesized that students in landscape architecture have particular skills in detecting differences in outdoor environments. Forty-one psychology students and 33 landscape architecture students judged two different gardens using the
Perceived Restorativeness Scale (PRS). The result indicates that the PRS was successful in assessing the restorative value of gardens. The PRS can be used as a tool for evaluating different gardens by comparing the different subscales and, as predicted, there were differences between the subject groups’ judgements of perceived restorativeness. The result has implications for our understanding of
how we can design places intended to be restorative.
Link to the article to read or download the pdf: www.openspace.eca.ac.uk/conference/proceedings/PDF/Tenngart.pdf
Thoday, R. (1982). “The Design and Use of Gardens and Grounds for Disabled People.” Landscape Design, Vol. 11, February.
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Thompson, J. William (1999). “1999 ASLA Awards.” Landscape Architecture, October, p. 73.
Thompson, J. William (2000). “Healing Words: Whither the Design of Therapeutic Gardens?” Landscape Architecture, Vol. 90, No. 1, January, pp. 54-57 & 73-75.
Thorrson, Sofia, Tsuyoshi Honjo, Fredrik Lindberg, Ingegard Eliasson, and En-Mi Lim (2007). “Thermal Comfort and Outdoor Activity in Japanese Urban Public Places.” Environment and Behavior, Vol. 39, No. 5.
Tidball, Keith G. and Krasny, Marianne E., Eds. (2011). Greening in the Red Zone: Disaster, Resilience and Community Greening. Springer.
From the Springer website, where you can also order the book: Access to green space and the act of creating green spaces is well understood to promote human health, especially in therapeutic contexts among individuals suffering traumatic events. Less well understood, though currently being studied, is the role of access to green space and the act of creating and caring for it in promoting neighbourhood health and well being as related to social-ecological system resilience. An important implication of Greening in the Red Zone lies in specific instances of greening and the presence of greened spaces in promoting and enhancing recovery, and perhaps resilience, in social-ecological systems disrupted or perturbed by violent conflict or other catastrophic disaster. This edited volume provides illustration and interpretation of these phenomena through a series of cases or examples of Greening in the Red Zone, which will explore how access to green space and the act of creating green spaces in extreme situations might contribute to resistance, recovery, and resilience of social-ecological systems.
Tost, Heike, et al. “Neural Correlates of Individual Differences in Affective Benefit of Real-Life Urban Green Space Exposure.” Nature Neuroscience, vol. 22, no. 9, Sept. 2019, pp. 1389–93. www.nature.com, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41593-019-0451-y.
Toyoda, Masahiro, et al. “Potential of a Small Indoor Plant on the Desk for Reducing Office Workers’ Stress.” HortTechnology, vol. 30, no. 1, Feb. 2020, pp. 55–63. DOI.org (Crossref), https://doi.org/10.21273/HORTTECH04427-19.
Traynor, Victoria, et al. “The Effects of Spending Time Outdoors in Daylight on the Psychosocial Wellbeing of Older People and Family Carers: A Comprehensive Systematic Review Protocol.” JBI Database of Systematic Reviews and Implementation Reports, vol. 11, no. 9, Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health), Sept. 2013, pp. 36–55, https://doi.org/10.11124/jbisrir-2013-1065.
Trust for Public Land. The Economic Benefits of Parks and Open Space. San Francisco. Visit the TPL website to download this and other related reports.
Tyson, Martha M. (1998 and 2008). The Healing Landscape: Therapeutic Outdoor Environments. Originally published by New York: McGraw-Hill; re-published 2008 by Madison, WI: Parallel Press. Go to Martha Tyson’s website to order the book.
Tyson, Martha M. (2002). “Naturally Mapped Outdoor Environments and Independence.” Alzheimer’s Care Quarterly, Therapeutic Environments Issue.
Ulrich, Roger S., and R. Serene Perkins. “The Impact of a Hospital Garden on Pregnant Women and Their Partners.” The Journal of Perinatal & Neonatal Nursing, vol. 31, no. 2, June 2017, pp. 186–87. PubMed, https://doi.org/10.1097/JPN.0000000000000247.
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Ulrich, Roger S. (2000). “Evidence-Based Garden Design for Improving Health Outcomes.” Therapeutic Gardens Conference, University of Minnesota, November.
Ulrich, Roger S. (2000). “Influence of Garden on Health Outcomes.” American Society of Landscape Architects Annual Meeting, Therapeutic Gardens Forum, Missouri Botanical Garden, October.
Ulrich, Roger S. (1993). “Biophilia, Biophobia, and Natural Landscapes.” In Stephen R. Kellert and Edward O. Wilson (Eds.) The Biophilia Hypothesis, Washington, D.C: Island Press/Shearwater: pp. 74-137.
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Ulrich, Roger S. (1992). “How Design Impacts Wellness.” Healthcare Forum Journal, Vol. 20, pp. 20-25.
Ulrich, Roger S. (1992). “The Influences of Passive Experiences with Plants on Human Well Being and Health.” in Diane Relf (Ed.) The Role of Horticulture in Human Well-being and Social Development, Portland, OR: Timber Press.
Ulrich, Roger S. (1991). “Effects of Interior Design on Wellness: Theory and Recent Scientific Research.” Journal of HealthCare and Interior Design, 3(1), pp. 97-109.
Synopsis: Daylighting and providing views benefits patients by reducing medical errors and improving their health outcomes.
Ulrich, Roger S. (1986). “Human Responses to Vegetation and Landscapes.” Landscape and Urban Planning, Vol. 13, pp. 29-44.
Ulrich, Roger S. (1986). “Effects of Hospital Environments on Patient Well-Being.” Research Report from Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Medicine, Vol. 9, No. 55. Trondheim, Norway: Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Medicine, University of Trondheim.
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This pivotal study is one of the most frequently-cited, by scholars and laypeople alike. Many people credit Ulrich’s publishing of this study with the birth of the field of evidence-based design (EBD). Two groups of patients recovering from gall bladder surgery were compared. The group with a view of nature, rather than of a brick wall, logged fewer nurses complaints, needed less pain medication, and recovered more quickly.
To read a more detailed synopsis of this article, visit Meristem Library’s Scientific Literature page.
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Ulrich, Roger S., and R. Serene Perkins. “The Impact of a Hospital Garden on Pregnant Women and Their Partners.” The Journal of Perinatal & Neonatal Nursing, vol. 31, no. 2, June 2017, pp. 186–87. PubMed, https://doi.org/10.1097/JPN.0000000000000247.
Ulrich, Roger S., et al. “ICU Patient Family Stress Recovery during Breaks in a Hospital Garden and Indoor Environments.” HERD: Health Environments Research & Design Journal, vol. 13, no. 2, SAGE Publications Inc, Apr. 2020, pp. 83–102. SAGE Journals, https://doi.org/10.1177/1937586719867157.
Ulrich, Roger S., Craig Zimring, Xuemei Zhu, Jennifer DuBose, and Hyun-Bo Seo, Young-Seon Choi, Xiaobo Quan, and Anjali Joseph (2008). “A Review of the Research Literature on Evidence-Based Healthcare Design.” Health Environments Research & Design Journal (HERD), Vol. 1, No. 3, pp. 61-125.
Synopsis: A close look at the research literature used to create articles about the design of health care institutions. Many citations regarding access to nature (through images, views, and direct experience with nature and plants).
Ulrich, R. S., C. Zimring, A. Joseph, X. Quan, and R. Choudhary (2004). “The Role of the Physical Environment in the Hospital of the 21st Century: A Once-in-a-Lifetime Opportunity.” Concord, CA: The Center for Health Design.
Synopsis: The effect to which the physical environment of a hospital will affect its patients and staff.
Ulrich, Roger S., O. Lunden, and J. L. Eltinge (1993). “Effects of Exposure to Nature and Abstract Pictures on Patients Recovering from Heart Surgery.” Paper presented at the Thirty-Third Meeting of the Society for Psychophysiological Research, Rottach-Egern, Germany. Abstract published in Psychophysiology, Vol. 30 (Supplement 1, 1993), p. 7.
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Synopsis: Stress recovery during exposure to natural environments was faster and more complete than during exposure to urban environments with little to no nature.
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Vapaa, Annalisa Gartman (2002). “Healing Gardens: Creating Places for Restoration, Meditation, and Sanctuary. What are the defining characteristics that make a healing garden?” Master of Landscape Architecture Thesis for Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University.
Click HERE to link to a pdf of the thesis.
Click here or on the title above to link to a pdf of the thesis.. Abstract: The “healing garden” is an evolving concept that is gaining popularity today. What is a healing garden? Why is one garden called a healing garden and not another? How is a healing garden defined? In what way are gardens healing? This thesis describes the ways in which healing gardens are beneficial in healthcare and residential settings. A set of guidelines for the design of healing gardens is created as a result of research findings as well as three design projects that are illustrated in the document.
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Order or download a copy of the book from the USDA Forest Service website.
Visit the Restorative Commons website.
Read our review of the book on the TLN Blog.
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Winterbottom, Daniel (2007). “Working in the Margins.” Landscape Architecture Magazine, Vol. 97, No. 12, December, pp. 38-47. Article about a design/build project for mothers and children at the Bedford Hills Correctional Facility in Bedford Hills, NY.
Winterbottom, Daniel (2002). “Building as a Model for Learning.” Landscape Journal, Vol. 21, No. 1, pp. 201-213. (Article about University of Washington Design/Build Class, including several healing gardens).
Wolch, Jennifer R., et al. “Urban Green Space, Public Health, and Environmental Justice: The Challenge of Making Cities ‘Just Green Enough.’” Landscape and Urban Planning, vol. 125, May 2014, pp. 234–44. DOI.org (Crossref), https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landurbplan.2014.01.017.
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Yuill, Nicola, Caroline Roake, Ruth Aspden, and Brenda Todd (2007). “Designing a Playground for Children with Autistic Spectrum Disorders: Effects on Playful Peer Interactions.” Journal of Autism Development Disorders, Vol. 37, No. 6.
Click here to view or download the pdf.
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Zeisel, John. “Treatment Effects of Healing Gardens for Alzheimer’s: A Difficult Thing to Prove.” Edinburgh Garden Paper. Click HERE for the pdf of this article.
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